Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic
Fields PEMFs on Stress
William Pawluk, MD, MSc
The very presence of life means that stress
is also present. The recognition of and the reaction to stressors
is fundamental to physical and emotional existence. Our reactions
to stressors are either healthy, that is adaptive, or unhealthy,
that is maladaptive. Maladaptive reactions to stress create physical
and psychological damage, if either too large to withstand or
too frequent to recover from. An example of an adaptive physiologic
response is perspiring when the body temperature increases. This
response becomes maladaptive, or harmful, when the body is not
able to perspire or if the stress continues too long and bodily
fluids are not replenished. Stressors may also be psychological
or mental. Again, the reaction may be helpful or harmful. For
most of us, the use of the term "stress" refers most
often to the negative psychological or physiological responses
to life's stimuli.
The original human need for a stress response
was adaptive, called the "fight or flight" response
(Goudey). Typically, this response allowed us to engage a threat,
such as an attacking animal. In modern Western civilization,
the most common daily stressors are minor psychological events,
such as, an angry client on the telephone or the tension of driving
in heavy traffic. Even these seemingly minor occurrences produce
a low-level "fight or flight" reaction in the body.
The cumulative or chronic occurrence of these stressors does
not allow adequate or full recovery and results in many of modern
civilization's health problems.
The stress response causes the brain to
release chemicals that stimulate the nervous system. Adrenaline
is pumped into the bloodstream along with extra sugar and fact,
from body stores, for energy to fuel muscles. Mental activity
is focused, some organs slow their activity, while others accelerate
it, the muscles tense up, the breeding rate increases, there
may be tightness in the chest and queasiness in the stomach.
In a high stress state, most of these reactions will be present.
In a lower stress state only one or several may be present and
in varying degrees.
Many believe that a healthy human body
could be able to live as long as 120 years before organs gradually
slow down and stop. Stress accelerates the decline by actually
damaging some organs and accelerating the wear and tear on others.
It is easy to see how this chronic state of stress may accelerate
aging and cause heart disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis,
fatigue, immune problems, adjustment disorders and anxiety and
depression. Many physicians believe that 70 to 90 percent of
the problems they treat are due to stress.
Environmental effects on the development
of nervous system and endocrine responses to stress can last
throughout life, and the differences in environmental experiences
of each individual, partially contribute to individual differences
in vulnerability to stress-induced illness. A cascade of neural
processes induced by aspects of an individual's early environment
may lead to lifelong individual variability and may either enhance
or reduce vulnerability to damage in later life.
Some of the physiologic reactions to stress
are: muscle tension, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, diarrhea
or constipation, increased gastric acid, high blood pressure,
increased ACTH, increased to drown, exaggerated mental alertness,
increased blood sugar, increased fat, dry mouth, increased insulin,
increased thyroid hormone and immune changes.
The physical problems that can result from
stress are: insomnia, nervous irritability, headaches, Atherosclerosis,
hypertension, irritable bowel, gastritis, arrhythmias, panic
attacks, anxiety, depression, fatigue, substance abuse, immune
deficiencies, asthma, skin problems, allergies, muscle spasms,
neuralgias, vision changes, hyperventilation, dehydration, sudden
cardiac death, vasospasm, increased cholesterol, increased platelets,
decreased oxygen, appetite problems, accelerated auto immune
problems increased actually, miscarriages decreased libido, impotence,
menstrual changes, disturbed memory, among others.
Clearly not all of these problems happen
to everybody under stress. They happen to varying degrees depending
on genetics, environmental experiences and the level and duration
of the stress. Most of us throughout our lifetimes will develop
at least some of the above problems.
There are many approaches to preventing
and managing stress reactions. Once a stress reaction is initiated
it is difficult to turn off immediately. The reaction is immediate
but the recovery takes hours to days. Since the effects of stress
are cumulative, a daily routine of reducing the physiologic response
becomes necessary to ward off long-term damage. One approach
to reducing the physiologic response to the effects of daily
stress is whole body pulsed magnetic field (PEMF) therapy.
Humans are very sensitive to magnetic fields
(MFs). Functional physiologic variations were observed during
solar magnetic storms in healthy humans, patients with cardio-vascular
diseases and cosmonauts in SOYUZ spacecraft and the MIR space
station (Rapaport). They showed nonspecific adaptive stress reactions,
accompanied by variations in stress-hormone production. Magnetic
storms in both ill and healthy individuals increased cortisone
secretion and activation of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS)
and suppressed production of melatonin.
Much experimental evidence has been gathered
to suggest that biological systems are highly sensitive to weak
generated PEMFs and PEMFs have a wide range of biologic effects
in almost all biologic systems. We will cover the results of
a number of these effects. Since experiments are difficult to
do in humans, much work has been done in animals. PEMF exposures
of rats inhibited the activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system
(SAS) as well as prevented a decrease in nonspecific resistance
(Temur'iants). They found a decreased concentration in plasma
of catecholamines, chemical messengers associated with increased
sympathetic arousal. Normalization of the SAS state occurred
due to the modulation of hypothalamic functional activity and
increased urine excretion of epinephrine. Even weak PEMFs are
able to inhibit the development of a stress reaction. There is
a possibility that long term use of weak PEMFs may be able to
remodel tissues that tend to be hyper-reactive to chronic or
acute stress. Hyper-reactivity of the stress response is often
based on stress experiences in infancy and, if recurring, throughout
life. Remodeling of tissues and organs has been found with treatment
of other pathologic states such as asthma, hypertension and cardiac
failure.
Even environmental stressors, such as heat
or sunlight, have an effect on cellular homeostasis (Gutzeit).
There are interactions between thermal stressors and electromagnetic
fields (EMFs) as inducers of intracellular heat stress proteins
(hsp), which are protective proteins in the cell. PEMFs can be
used preventively prior to heat, toxicity or injury to prevent
cellular harm and thus produce cellular stress resistance and
reduce cellular stress responses. A number of studies have shown
that the presence of hsp in a cell mediates this effect, an effect
that is usually denoted "thermotolerance" or "stress
tolerance." The stress response proteins are induced by
numerous stimuli in addition to heat, for example, heavy metals
and oxidative stress. During severe metabolic stress, the stress
proteins preserve cell viability (Litovitz).
This phenomenon could be exploited as a
beneficial presurgical cardiovascular treatment. This has been
borne out in studies that have shown that cardiotoxic effects,
such as occur during cardiac surgery, may be prevented by preconditioning
with PEMFs. Stimulating the cardiac cell with PEMFs may provide
for it protection from injury, including cardiac surgery or heart
attack. Similarly, heat pre-treatment can result in significantly
improved heart salvage following coronary artery bypass grafting
(Litovitz).
Other potentially therapeutic applications
include protection against viral infections, autoimmune diseases,
inflammatory diseases, and the support of the stress response
in the elderly, in an attempt to counteract the normal loss of
the stress response during aging.
Originally, the therapeutic effects of
electromagnetic fields in a wide range of frequencies were considered
a result of activation of metabolic processes in the immediate
tissues exposed. Subsequently, it was found to be more advantageous
to expose endocrine glands and control centers of the central
nervous system since EMFs there triggered natural control processes
of homeostasis (Zubkova). Lower dosing of the thyroid area produced
a similar response vs the local area, eg, the heart in ischemia.
These adaptive changes promoted elimination of hemodynamic and
hypoxic disorders in the myocardium, and restored levels of production
of mineralo- and glucocorticoids by the adrenals. In rabbits
with experimental hepatitis microwave PEMFs to the thyroid was
more effective in restoring liver function than to the liver
itself. Local exposure of adrenals in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis activated production of glucocorticoids and returned
to normal functional activity of lymphocytes. This work confirmed
that an adaptation to short-term (or weak) stressor factors increases
the resistivity of the organism to severe stressors, including
low temperatures, physical load, ischemic heart necrosis, ionizing
radiation, etc.
Stress causes a very quick and significant
decrease in leukocyte and absolute lymphocyte numbers in the
peripheral blood of up to 10-20%. The level of cortisone in the
blood increases two to three-fold. PEMFs modulate host resistance
(Isaeva) through enhancing some immune functions. The percentage
of neutrophils (including immature neutrophils) increases gradually
with exposure and neutrophil metabolsim and superoxide production
are significantly higher with PEMF. The blood level of cortisone
is lowered.
In some animal species, such as rabbits,
emotional stress increases lethality. PEMFs increased resistance
of the rabbits to stress: lethality in animals exposed to stress
plus PEMF was 1.9 times lower than lethality in rabbits exposed
to stress alone (Gorbunova).
Stress activation of the SAS in rats is
seen by changes in (nor)adrenaline in the hypothalamus, adrenal
glands, plasma and urine. Daily 3-hr exposure to PEMFs decreased
activation of the SAS shown by a decrease in plasma and urine
catecholamines (Temur'iants). The excitability of the nervous
sytem decreased and corrected the emotional reactions that accompany
stress.
Pain inhibition (i.e. analgesia) is a biological
function consistently found to be affected by exposure to magnetic
fields in various species of animals, including: land snails,
laboratory mice, deer mice, pigeons, as well as humans (Prato).
Application of PEMFs to acupuncture points
has been found to produce anti-stress benefits (Lukianova). Therefore,
PEMFs act similarly to electroacupuncture (EA). The stress responses
induced by painful tooth pulp stimulation in rats was reduced
by electroacupuncture (EA) (Han), evidenced by decreased nor/epinephrine,
dopamine, ACTH, and corticosterone. No elevation in either diastolic
or systolic blood pressure was seen following EA. Millimeter
wave (MMW) exposure of an acupuncture point affects heart rate
and heart rate variability and lability of central nervous system
(CNS) processes (Lukianova). Measurements were performed in healthy
examinees before and after a physical exercise. Almost all the
examinees had increased lability of central nervous system (CNS).
The effect on the heart rate depended on the predominance of
sympathetic or parasympathetic control mechanisms in a particular
subject. With parasympathetic predominance, exercise increased
both the heart rate and its variability. With predominance of
sympathetic tone, individual reactions to exercise varied greatly.
MMW exposure facilitated recovery of the heart rhythm after exercise
in parasympathetic toned individuals, not consistently in sympathetic
predominance.
Chronic stress causes depression. Amitryptiline
also seems to have a similar effect in blunting or negating the
stress response (Nemeroff).
Stress induces neuronal atrophy and death
in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. Alterations in the
expression of neurotrophic factors are implicated in stress-induced
hippocampal degeneration (Yun). EA stimulation significantly
restored neurotrophic factors.
One group studied for many years the effects
of an PEMFs 1-500 G and also a constant magnetic field (CMF)
at up to 2500 G intensity (Garkavi). With a CMF, the pattern
of a training reaction, or very low level response, was found.
PEMF exposure of the head at frequencies greater than 50 Hz produced
a low level adaptation reaction, whereas a lower frequency PEMF
stimulates the development of a higher reaction level. Exposure
of the peripheral parts of a body by PEMF up to 1000 Hz at a
low intensity 100-200 G or less could provoke the development
of a high reaction level. In studies of weak PEMF (100 G), these
magnetic fields were antitumorigenic, protective (in relation
to toxic agents and Xray radiation), and produced rejuvenation
effects in the organism, especially in cases where there was
a high reaction level.
Millimeter waves (mmW) have been found
to attenuate stress reactions in experimental animals (Lebedva).
They were also found to prevent a stress response in healthy
20 to 24 yr old humans applied to the outer surface of the hand.
Stress was evaluated by heart rate variability and electroencephalogram
(EEG) changes. The heart rate variability reflects the balance
of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Stress normally increases the heart rate. MmW's prevented or
attenuated these changes. Stress-induced EEG changes were suppression
of the alpha rhythm, enhancement of the theta rhythm, and a decrease
in the coherence of bioelectric activity in different brain structures.
EEG changes with mmW treatment were the opposite of those which
occurred in control experiments. MmW treatment may help to increase
resistance and to ameliorate stress.
In another study of mmW exposure (EMR (Temur'iants) resistance
to stress was tested. All stressed animals had precipitous decreases
of non-specific resistance, activation of lipid peroxidation
and brain thiol-disulfide exchange. Normal control animals exposed
to EMR showed a 10-15% increase in neutrophil metabolism and
increased thalamic and hypothalamic thiol exchange. None of the
changes seen in the stressed control animals were seen in those
which were stressed and exposed to EMR.
Stress in rats can lead to breakdown of
elastin and collagen fibers in serum, heart muscle, cerebral
cortex and liver (Varakina). Low- and high-frequency PEMFs in
rats modulated elastase-inhibitory activity in all tissues with
exposures to frontomastoid area of the head or paravertebrally,
alone or incombination with laser, infrared exposure or static
magnetic field (SMF). High laser strength and the combination
of laser with SMF decreased the stress reaction. The use of the
combination of infrared laser + SMF + PEMF had a stress-limiting
effect and enhanced elastase-inhibitory activity. The increase
in elastase-inhibitory activity by PEMFs is because of its antioxidant
abilities.
According to present views, ascorbic acid
(AA) plays a key part in the antioxidant system and, therefore,
is mainly responsible for the coordination of neuroendocrine
and immune mechanisms of stress adaptation (Zotochkina). High
frequency fields for 1 hr daily over a period of up to 90 days
caused AA and serotonin (S) to significantly decrease after 3
days by16% and 28%, resp., increase nearly 2-fold by the 30th
day of exposure and by the 90th day, AA concentration recovered
to the initial (pre-exposure) value, while S content still remained
significantly increased.
Low-level 50-Hz PEMF exposure on host immunologic
defense and on splenic colony formation was tested in a mouse
model (Korneva). After 1 or 4 days the magnetic field caused
a protective effect.
PEMF effects were evaluated in athletes
engaged in different sports, with different qualifications, and
in different periods of training and competitions (Gigineishvili).
Decimeter wave therapy (DMW) exposures (460 MHz) of adrenal,
thyroid gland, or collar areas have been found to have a favorable
effect on the immune status and production of hormones, specifically,
T-lymphocytes, testosterone and growth hormone, and a decrease
in circulating B-lymphocytes and cortisol. DMW exposures of the
thyroid gland decreased the initially elevated levels of thyroid
hormones, cortisol, and somatotropin. These effects were interpreted
as favorable and helpful in maintaining a high resistance to
diseases and a high working capacity.
Heart rate variability (HRV) results from
a complex interplay of neural and hormonal control mechanisms.
Changes in HRV has been associated with increased risk of severe
arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in patients with recent myocardial
infarction. Human volunteers had their heart rate variability
tested with PEMF exposures (Sait 1998). The slowing of heart-rate
associated with field exposure has been confirmed. Sinusoidal
continuous waveform seemed to be more effective at producing
this effect than intermittent or square-wave current waveforms.
There was significant greater inter-subject variability than
within-subject. Some individuals may be more sensitive to or
alternately more consistent in producing these field-induced
changes in HR and HRV than others. This effect apperas to be
a modulation of the threshold properties of the cardiac pacemaker,
the Sino-Atrial Node, giving rise to greater beat-to-beat variability.
In another series of double-blind studies it was also found that
PEMFs altered the normal variability inherent in human cardiac
rhythm (Sastre). Intermittent exposure is more effective than
continuous exposure.
Static magnetic fields (SMFs) act on rabbit
sinocarotid baroreceptors by reducing blood pressure (Gmitrov
1995). The effects were attributed to changes in cell membrane
calcium ion (Ca++) transport since they were abolished by treatment
with verapamil, a potent Ca++ channel blocker. A more pronounced
effect occurs with stronger fields. Heart rate was significantly
decreased during the after-effect period. Changes were indicative
of peripheral vasodilation and increased baroreceptor activity
causing the baroreceptor to reset the sympathetic tone. In humans,
SMFs over the right and left carotid sinuses, respectively, at
the baroreceptors, increased heart rate variability somewhat
vs shams and controls (Gmitrov 1996). The effects were of minimal
clinical significance in the subjects tested but could be significant
in individuals with cardiovascular disease with decreased HRV.
High strength stimulation level fields
act somewhat differently than low level PEMFs. Slow repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation fields (rTMS) also affect human
heart rate variability (HRV) (Yoshida). HF HRV in the supine
position is thought to reflect parasympathetic nervous system
activity, while LF HRV while standing is thought to be mediated
by the sympathetic nervous system, based on its decrease following
administration of a beta-adrenergic blocker such as propranolol.
LF power band of HRV was significantly increased relative to
baseline when measured immediately after rTMS. No significant
long-term effect of either active or sham stimulation on LF power
was seen when measured 5 days after the end of the experiment.
The transient increase in LF power induced by active stimulation
but not sham stimulation suggests that rTMS may transiently activate
the sympathetic nervous system.
Application of the PEMF signal resulted
in the several apparently related long-lasting localized effects
being observed in certain tissues: an increase in blood volume,
an increase in oxygen partial pressure (PO2), persistent increases
in pH (reduced acidity), increase in respiration amplitude, decrease
in heart rate and changes in blood pressure (Warnke). The magnitude
of these effects in the human subjects showed significant inter-individual
variability. The effects were observed to be modulated by changes
in the level of blood acidity, as indicated by measurements of
lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentration, carbon dioxide partial
pressure (pCO2), and hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. This meant
that the PEMF effects would be increased during periods of high
muscle activity, after drinking alcohol, while sleeping, or after
inhaling CO2. Conditions that promoted alkalosis such as hyperventilation
and eating large meals could be expected to reduce the magnitude
of the effects.
Extremely low-frequency (ELF) pulsed magnetic
fields (PMFs) affect blood vessels. Head and thorax exposure
to ELF PMFs induced dilation of the larger blood vessels in these
areas and increased oxygen partial pressure (Warnke). PMFs having
a variety of pulse shapes, amplitudes, and repetition rates that
were applied to the neck of human volunteers showed that these
stimuli could alter the respiration cycle, heart rate, blood
pressure, and vessel perfusion. Although these effects showed
wide variability and poor reproducibility, they were, nonetheless,
attributed to a decrease in central nervous system (CNS) activity
and a local increase in sympathetic activity.
Strong SMFs induced a vagotonic state (Nakagawa).
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